Sugar Produces Bitter Results for the Environment

Sugar Produces Bitter Results for the Environment Sugar is available in items we devour each day, yet we once in a while think about how and where it is created and what cost it might take on the earth. Sugar Production Damages the Environment As indicated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), around 145 million tons of sugars are created in 121 nations every year. What's more, sugar creation does in reality negatively affect encompassing soil, water and air, particularly in compromised tropical environments close to the equator. A 2004 report by WWF, titled â€Å"Sugar and the Environment,† shows that sugar might be liable for more biodiversity misfortune than some other harvest, because of its decimation of living space to clear a path for manors, its serious utilization of water for water system, its substantial utilization of agrarian synthetic compounds, and the dirtied wastewater that is routinely released in the sugar creation process. Natural Damage from Sugar Production Is Widespread One extraordinary case of natural annihilation by the sugar business is the Great Barrier Reef off the shoreline of Australia. Waters around the reef experience the ill effects of huge amounts of effluents, pesticides, and residue from sugar ranches, and the reef itself is undermined by the freeing from land, which has pulverized the wetlands that are a vital piece of the reef’s nature. Then, in Papua New Guinea, soil ripeness has declined by around 40 percent in the course of the most recent three decades in overwhelming sugar stick development locales. What's more, a portion of the world’s mightiest streams remembering the Niger for West Africa, the Zambezi in Southern Africa, the Indus River in Pakistan, and the Mekong River in Southeast Asia-have almost evaporated because of parched, water-escalated sugar creation. Do Europe and the U.S. Produce Too Much Sugar? WWF accuses Europe and, to a lesser degree, the United States, for over-delivering sugar on account of its productivity and along these lines huge commitment to the economy. WWF and other natural gatherings are dealing with state funded training and lawful battles to attempt to change the universal sugar exchange. â€Å"The world has a developing hunger for sugar,† says Elizabeth Guttenstein of the World Wildlife Fund. â€Å"Industry, purchasers and strategy creators must cooperate to ensure that later on sugar is delivered in manners that least damage the environment.† Would everglades be able to Damage From Sugar Cane Farming be Reversed? Here in the United States the strength of one of the country’s most exceptional biological systems, Florida’s Everglades, is genuinely undermined following quite a while of sugar stick cultivating. A huge number of sections of land of the Everglades have been changed over from overflowing sub-tropical woodland to dead marshland because of exorbitant compost run-off and waste for water system. A dubious understanding among tree huggers and sugar makers under a â€Å"Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan† has surrendered some sugar stick land back to nature and decreased water use and compost run-off. The truth will surface eventually if these and other rebuilding endeavors will help bring back Florida’s once overflowing â€Å"river of grass.† Altered by Frederic Beaudry

Sociocultural Theory Essay Sample free essay sample

Sociocultural hypothesis is a rising hypothesis in mental science that takes a gander at the of import parts that society makes to single turn of events. This hypothesis focuses on the connection between creating individuals and the human advancement wherein they live. Sociocultural hypothesis developed from crafted by fundamental clinician Lev Vygotsky. who accepted that guardians. wellbeing experts. rises to and the human advancement at huge were liable for the improvement of higher request maps. Blending to Vygotsky. â€Å"Every map in the child’s social advancement shows up twice: first. on the cultural degree. furthermore, in this way. on the single degree ; principal. between individuals ( interpsychological ) thus inside the child ( intrapsychological ) . This applies each piece to deliberate joining in. to consistent memory. what's more, to the arrangement of builds. All the higher maps begin as existent connections between people. †Vygotsky was a present day of other extraordinary personalities, for example, Freud. Skinner. what's more, Piaget. be that as it may, his initial expire at age 38 and concealment of his work in Stalinist Russia left him in near obscureness until sensibly late. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sociocultural Theory Essay Sample or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As his work turned out to be all the more broadly distributed. his considerations have become continuously compelling in nations including kid advancement. subjective mental science and guidance. Sociocultural hypothesis centers non just how adults and equivalents impact single securing. however, other than on how social convictions and mentalities sway how bearing and larning take topographic point. Hypothesis Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky is most popular for being an instructive clinician with a sociocultural hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that cultural connection prompts continuous a tiny bit at a time modifications in children’s thought and conduct that can change enormously from human advancement to progress ( Woolfolk. 1998 ) . Fundamentally Vygotsky’s hypothesis proposes that advancement relies upon cooperation with individuals and the instruments that the development gives to help compose their ain situation of the universe. There are three different ways a social instrument can be passed starting with one individual then onto the next. The initial 1 is imitative securing. where one individual attempts to duplicate or duplicate another. The second way is by educated larning which includes recovering the directions of the educator thus using these guidelines to self-manage. The finishing up way that social devices are passed to others is through synergistic securing. which includes a gathering of equivalents who endeavor to see one another and cooperate to larn a particular achievement. His hypothesis consolidates the cultural condition and information. Kids will get the methods of thought and carrying on that make up a human progress by communicating with an all the more knowing person. Vygotsky accepted that cultural cooperation will take to on-going modifications in a child’s thought and conduct. These thoughts and practices would change between human advancements ( Berk. 1994 ) . The sociocultural hypothesis comprises of a few components to help execute it. See private location. where children address themselves to be after or steer their ain conduct. This is generally regular among kindergartners. who have non yet learned legitimate cultural achievements yet rather investigate its idea. Youngsters every now and again utilize private location when an endeavor turns out to be unreasonably hard and the child doesn’t cognize how to proceed. Private location enables the child to bring through an endeavor. Vygotsky accepted private location adjustments with age. by going milder or being just a susurration. The second se gment in the sociocultural hypothesis is the zone of proximal improvement ( ZPD ) . It’s the develop that a child achieves an endeavor that he/she can non make completely. with the guide from an increasingly talented person. Vygotsky other than depicted the ZPD as the contrast between the existent advancement degree as controlled by single occupation goals and the level of conceivable improvement as decided through employment work trip under adult direction or coaction with all the more knowing equivalents. The outcome of this technique is kids gotten increasingly associated in the predominant human advancement and it prompts intellectual improvement ( Moll. 1994 ) . All together for the ZPD to be such a triumph. it must join two attributes. The first is called emotion. This term depicts the technique of two people start an endeavor with various anxiety lastly show up at a mutual worry. The second trademark is framework. which alludes to an adjustment in the cultural help over the class of a guidance meeting. In the case of arranging is fruitful. a child’s order level of open introduction can adjust. which implies that it can expand a child’s open introduction on an exceptional endeavor. The zone of proximal advancement has reasonings for evaluation. especially refering kids with obtaining and conduct employments. Two children can vary well in the ZPD’s. One child may make his/her exceed on their ain. while different needs some guide. Along these lines. the ZPD is significant for setting each child’s readiness to benefit from bearing. Correlation of Vygotsky and Piaget: Vygotsky’s contemplations and hypotheses are much of the time contrasted with Jean Piaget. especially his subjective formative hypothesis. They had a battle explaining that improvement builds ought to non be educated until kids are in the fitting formative stage. Contradicting Vygotsky’s zone of proximal turn of events. Piaget accepted that the vast majority of import start of information is simply the children. In any case, Vygotsky contended that the cultural condition is an of import factor which helps the child socially adjust to new condition of affairss when required. Both Vygotsky and Piaget had the basic finish of occurring out how children ace considerations thus decipher them into address. Piaget found that children demonstration autonomously on the physical universe to recognize what it brings to the table. Vygotsky. on the different manus. wrote in Thought and Language that human mental action is the outcome of cultural procurement. As children ace endeavors they will indict in coordinated duologues with others. which persuaded that procurement of semantic correspondence is the most powerful moment in a child’s life. Piaget’s hypothesis stressed the regular line. while Vygotsky supported the social line of advancement. Vygotsky’s hypothesis underscored the impact of human progress. rises to. what's more, adults on the creating kid. To comprehend this impact. Vygotsky proposed the â€Å"zone of proximal turn of events. † This zone alludes to the distinction in a child’s open introduction when she endeavors a n occupation on her ain contrasted and when an adult or more established child gives help. Envision that a child is holding issue with making letters. what's more, with the guide of an adult who works out example letters or enables the child to indicate over letters. this equivalent child can do progression. The guide from the adult is called framework. Just as the arranging of a building assists with support up it. help from adults and equivalents in a child’s domain backs up the child’s advancement. Vygotsky other than examined the significance of social instruments to the sociocultural assault. These are focuses in the human advancement, for example, processing machines. books. what's more, customs that show kids the standpoints of the gathering. By take separating in the social occasions and using the apparatuses of the general public. the child realizes what is of import in his human progress. For representation. in the United States a child goes to class from around six mature ages old enough until 18 mature ages old enough. what's more, in this way it is in school that children learn of import achievements, for example, arithmetic. In certain states. for example, in Brazil. in any case. kids learn arithmetic by means of buying and selling confect in the roads of the city. The Zone of Proximal Development An of import build in sociocultural hypothesis is known as the zone of proximal turn of events. Blending to Vygotsky. the zone of proximal advancement â€Å"is the separation between the existent improvement degree as controlled by autonomous occupation goals and the level of conceivable advancement as decided through employment work trip under adult advice or in coaction with increasingly competent equivalents. † Basically. it incorporates the entirety of the insight and achievements that an individual can non yet comprehend or execute on their ain yet. however, is fit for larning with counsel. The build of the More Knowing Other is essentially identified with the second of import rule of Vygotsky’s work. the Zone of Proximal Development. This is an of import build that identifies with the distinction between what a child can achieve freely and what a child can achieve with insight and consolation from a talented companion. For delineation. the child could non work out the saber saw mystifier ( in the delineation above ) without anyone else and would hold taken a long clasp to make so ( if at all ) . in any case, had the option to work out it following communication with the male parent. what's more, has created competency at this achievement that will be applied to future saber saw. Vygotsky ( 1978 ) considers the To be of Proximal Development as the nation where the most touchy course or advice ought to be given †leting the child to create achievements they will so use on their ain †creating higher mental maps. Vygotsky other than sees communication with rises to as a viable way of creating achievements and plans. He recommends that teachers utilize deliberate obtaining exercisings where less equipped chil dren create with help from increasingly skilled equivalents †inside the zone of proximal devel

Should Economic Efficiency Be the Primary Consideration for Competition Law - Free Essay Example

Q.3 should economic efficiency be the primary consideration and priority for the enforcement of competition law? It is widely accepted that economic efficiency is the primary consideration and legitimate doctrine when contemplating the goal of competition law. This is agreed upon by both legal and economist scholars. [1] Economic efficiency brings about monumental benefits; it stimulates the economy, reduces the prices of products, and improves development innovation and creativity, creating new sources of capital.[2] Schweitzer has argued that competition law can never stand alone with just economic efficiency in a democratic society. The inclusion of public policy choices is inevitable.[3] This implements an idea that competition law is a myriad of broader national and public policies, strategies, priorities and interests. This suggests that it may not be such a good idea to place economic efficiency as the prime consideration of competition law. Merger regulations provide a good example to foster the idea that the governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ goal for competition law goes beyond the maintenance of market competitiveness and towards a more social one.[4] Governments may find themselves inclined to prefer non-efficiency motivators due to pressure by interest groups accounting for their social needs.[5] Since there is influence from these non-economic objectives then it would seem that suggesting a framework to accommodate for these objectives would be necessary. However, although this would seem to show that non-efficiency objectives are indeed integrated into the internal part of competition law, this doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that such objectives are followed by the judiciary or the competition law enforcement bodies.[6] This idea brings to life the understanding that although non-efficiency objectives are mentioned and voiced, it may only be done to please the many voices for it, as at the end of the day the enforcers have the discretion to pursue the objective which they see more suitable. More often than most being an economic one. In order to be able to appreciate the objectives of competition law, it is important to look at the specific legal system in question, as different systems have different priorities.[7] In less developed countries the focus of competition law policy falls on mostly social objectives. They usually have a liking in the protection of small businesses and decentralization of political economic power. [8] This would mean then that the idea of economic efficiency being the prime focus of competition law is frustrated. With that being said the questio n over the objective of competition law policy would be whether to achieve moral goals or to insure that the promotion of competition and economic efficiency is maximised.[9] Government intervention also has an important role to play in indentifying the priority of competition law policy in a country. Conservative and libertarian views are in favour of minimal government intervention and thus would opt for the objective of competition law to be based on economic efficiency.[10] Contrary to that, the more liberal views are more prone to support non-efficiency objectives such as the welfare of small businesses and the dispersion of power, in consequence, they are suspicious of corporate power.[11] When focusing on the economic efficiency, there is a usual disregard for the distribution or equity implications involved.[12] This is why we have the liberals who endeavour to protect those rights. There appears to have been a shift and focus on the objectives taken by different ju risdiction. This change has been towards a more economic efficiency base.[13] This was demonstrated by the UN conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which indicated, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the trend is towards relatively greater emphasis upon competition, efficiency and competitiveness objectives.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[14] It has been stated that the allure of economic efficiency may have taken a global turn by different jurisdictions following under the same steps but this does not mean that other non-economic objectives donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to be considered.[15] Michael Porter argues that construing an entire body of law solely on consumer welfare theory could result in the overlooking important benefits for society. Competition law would not perform at its best and to its full promise if it did not account for societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s benefit.[16] Porter is not the only believer that a solely economic efficient objective would not be appropriate for competition law p olicy. Professor Robert Pitofsky, supports this stance and adds that an entirely economic approach would lead to market domination by few corporate giants.[17] As a soltution, Maurice Stucke suggests that different objectives of competition law should be accepted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"because these multiple goals reflect the various stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18] interests and concerns, which they want addressed.[19] It must be noted that judicial and legislative approaches towards non-efficiency goals are troubling. We have mentioned that economic efficiency is the preferred objective. However, it must also be determined that if the judicial and legislative bodies where against non-economic efficiency all together, they would enact or amend so as to provide primacy to economic analysis. This demonstrates that non-economic considerations should play a role within competition law.[20] On top of that, it is maintained by John Flynn that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"although economic analysis provides valuable insights into business dynamics and the probable effects of a commercial practice in the market place, economics is not law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] The competition policies are passed by politician and not by economists. In order to fulfil the aspiration of the people competition law ought to take into account all the peoples aspirations.[22] Professor Harry First also states that in pursing consumer welfare we inevitably satisfy the desire of citizens as a consumer only and that we ignore the inclination registered politically which consequently does not show up in the analysis of market place efficiency.[23] In focusing on economic efficiency or the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ there is the issue that there is a failure to express peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preference beyond their dollars.[24] So a preference for more expansive opportunities for a small business or preventing concentrations of economic power in private hands cannot be pr evented.[25] It does not make sense to ignore these preferences as the politics would point out that the public places value on these objectives.[26] The disregard of the peoples voice means that democracy is being forgone and in the process people may lose faith in competition law policies.[27] So many people are affected by competition law policies, therefore it would make sense that the consideration of both economic and non-economic objectives are accounted for in order to promote fairness. Stucke comments that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"competition policy in democracy will never be captured by a single economic goal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[28] The best way to overcome this once again to accommodate the self-interest of the people and lodge their hopes and fears I regards to competition.[29] By looking at what different jurisdiction have adapted we can have an idea of what has been working best. And by understanding what works best then we can determine whether we should focus on economic efficiencies. We can do this by using the merger control analysis.[30] The US courts have proven to focus their objectives on economic efficiency in their merger policies. The merger guidelines of 1992, demonstrate this as it has lowered the standard of proof for efficiency arguments.[31] Canada also provides an efficiency defence in their competition Act under Section 96. In the Act they set out a test to check the effects of the merger and balance it against the efficiency gains.[32] The producer and consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s losses and gains are reviewed.[33] The Canadians approach factor non-economic considerations and consider the protection of small and medium enterprises, and the balancing of such mergers against efficiency gains of the merger.[34] In the UK, the objective is on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"increase rivalry in the market into account in assessing whether a merger gives rise to any risk of a substantial lessening of competition.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[35] The Offi ce of fair trading which deals with the matter is allowed to use its discretion into these cases. The US holds the leading role of promoting the economic-efficiency objective whereas the European countries demonstrate a state of the mergers of both economic and non-economic efficiency objectives.[36] There has been a rise in the Chicago school of thought, which are fervent believer on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"economic approach.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Canadian competition law is like Europe in that it has managed to find a relative balance between the two objectives within a statutory framework. However, there is a penchant towards the economic efficient objective in practice.[37] The UK has shown to have preferred the economic efficient approach and has in consequence slowly give less weight to the importance attributed by statute to public interests concerns.[38] The task for a jurisdiction to accommodate non-economic efficiency is extremely difficult. Countries such as Israel are still in quest of a method to implement non-efficiency concerns in the Israeli competition law.[39] It has been found by Areeda and Hovenkamp that two approaches should be followed if economic-efficiency objectives should be applied. a) absence of collision with ambiguous statutory language.[40] b) institutional capability of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"managing the information and decision-making process necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to implement such approach.[41] It has been pointed out however, that if too much attention is given to non-economic efficiency objectives when decisions are made then in the long run the economy will become less efficient, which will eventually affect the consumers negatively.[42] There seems to be a great need to combine both economic and non-economic efficient objective together. Blake and Jones have cited that the same rule of law may promote both objectives.[43] It is believed that non-efficiency objectives may be reached by ensuring market efficie ncy. In fact, what is believed is that economic efficiency is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of competition, while the socio-political and other non-economic concerns are considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ultimate goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[44] The concern which many have with the Chicago school of thought is that the economic approach they eagerly defend brings about short term benefits. The merger guidelines that defend such thought[45] fails to take into account the social and political impact of mergers , which in the long run may lead to loss or transfer of jobs or an increasing political influence.[46] [1] Organisation for economic co-orperation development COECD, competition policy efficiency claims in horizontal agreements (Paris,) 1996), p.5. [2]O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P2 [3] H. Schweitzer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Competition law and public policy reconsidering an uneasy relationship: the example of Art. 81à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (2007), p. 13. Available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=1092883. [4] A. Ezrachi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The role of voluntary frameworks in multinational cooperation over merger controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 36 Geo. Wash. Int. L. Rev. 433, 438, n. 16 (2004). [5] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.3. [6] K.G Elzinga, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The goals of antitrust: other than competition and efficiencies, what else counts?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ,125 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1182, 1203 (1977). [7] 6 ICN, Advocacy Working Group, Advocacy and Competition Policy (2002), p. 32; available at: https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/media/library/conference_1st_naples_2002/advocacyfinal.pdf. [8] M. Trebilcock et al., The Law and Economics of Canadian Competition Policy (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed., 2003), p. 39. [9] P. Slot A. Johnson, An Introduction to Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2006), p. 4. 35 Gal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Reality bites (or bits): the political economy of antitrust enforcementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in: Hawk, ed., International Antitrust Law and Policy (Huntington, NY: Juris Publishing, 2001), p. 605, Part IV; available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=901756. [10] Fox, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The modernization of antitrust: a new equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 66 Cornell L.R.. 1140, 1155 (1981). P.1156 [11] E. Sullivan J. Harrison, Understanding Antitrust and Its Economic Implications (Newark, NJ: Bender Co.: 4th ed., 2003), p. 2-3. [12] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.19. [13] C. Ehlermann L. Laudati, eds., European Competition Law Annual: The Objectives of Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 1998), p. ix [14] UNCTAD, The Basic Objectives and Main Provisions of Competition Laws and Policies (1995), p. 2; available at: https://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poitd_15.en.pdf. [15] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.21. [16] 6 M.E. Porter, Competition and Antitrust: A Productivity-Based Approach (2002), p. 2; available at: https://www.isc.hbs.edu/053002antitrust.pdf. [17] R. Pitofsky, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The political content of antitrustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 127 U. Pa. L.R 1051, 1056ff (1979) [18] M. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy (2007), p. 51; available at: https://works.bepress.com/maurice_stucke /1. [19] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.22. [20] Id., p.23. [21] 1 Khemani, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Objectives of Competition Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in: World Bank-OECD, A Framework for the Design and Implementation of Competition Law and Policy (Paris, 1997), p. 5; available at: https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/9/27122227.pdf. [22] J. Flynn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust jurisprudence: a symposium on the economic, political and social goals of antitrust policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 125 U. Pa. L.R. 1182, 1186 (1977).p.1186. [23] H. First, Book review of Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective, 52 NYU L. Rev. 947, 947 (1977).p.966. [24] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.25. [25] H. Hovenkamp, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust policy after Chicagoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 84 Mich. L. Rev. 213, 242 (1985).p.241. [26] Ibid.,p242. [27] J. Burns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Vertical restraints, efficiency and the real worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 62 Fordham L. Rev. 597, 628 (1993) [28] M. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy (2007), p. 26. [29] D. Dewey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust and economic theory: an uneasy friendshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 87 Yale L.J. 1516, 1525 (1978) [30] Competition Bureau (Canada), Treatment of Efficiencies in the Competition Act: Consultation Paper (2004), Appendix C. [31] W. Kolasky A. Dick, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Merger Guidelines and the integration of efficiencies into antitrust review of horizontal mergersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 71 Antitrust L.J. 207, 208 (2003),p.209. [32] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.29. [33] J. Holsten, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Commissioner of Competition v. Superior Propane à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Tribunal strikes backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 2002 Canadian Competition Recor d 26, 31 (2002). [34] 1 Economic Council of Canada, Interim Report on Competition Policy (Ottawa: Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Printer, 1969), p. 22. See Competition Bureau (Canada), Merger Enforcement Guidelines (2004), 8.19 [35] Office of Fair Trading, Mergers substantive assessment guidance (OFT 561, 2003), par. 4.30 [36] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.43. [37] Ibid., p.43. [38] Ibid.,p.43. [39] Ibid.,p.43. [40] P. Areeda H. Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law (New York, NY: Aspen Law and Business, 2002), vol. I (rev. ed.), p. 127. [41] Id., p.119. [42] B. Foer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The goals of antitrust: thoughts on consumer welfare in the U.S.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (American Antitrust Institute, Working Paper 05-09), p. 24 [43] H. Blake W. Jones, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Toward a three-dimensional antitrust policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 65 Colum. L. Rev. 422, 424 (1965). [44] C. Ehler mann L. Laudati, eds., European Competition Law Annual: The Objectives of Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 1998), p. 30. [45] U.S. Department of Justice, Merger Guidelines (1984), reprinted in 4 Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH)  ¶13,103 [46] Sullivan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Post-Chicago economics: economists, lawyers, judges, and enforcement officials in a less determinate theoretical worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 63 Antitrust L.J. 669 (1995)

What Is The Purpose Of Education Essay - 1419 Words

What is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change their life. However, it can also keep people complacent, blind to their potential, and hopeless. An authoritarian government uses education to oppress its people. In an authoritarian society, the government has total control over almost all if not all facets of life for its citizens (lec). For the government to be able to stay in power with as little opposition as possible they use education, as it is one of the strongest influences. Education in an authoritarian state would be from a positivist perspective. A positivist characterizes knowledge as a thing, more specifically facts and evidence (Hinchey, 35). A classroom with an authoritarian society would look like a traditional American classroom. The room would be plain with no decorations, seats would be in rows, and the teacher would be in the front. There would be no real student teacher relationship. The only thing that would be heard in the classroom would be the teacher. The teachers’ job would be to present facts and the studentsShow MoreRelatedEssay on What Is the Purpose of Education?610 Words   |  3 Pagese ach of us has to have a proper education. We learn how to read, count and write. These are the basic abilities we acquire and use during our life. Is there any other purpose of education or it is aimed only at giving us a possibility to communicate our ideas and satisfy basic needs? During centuries, there were different interpretations of the purpose of education. Many scientists, pedagogues and philosophers tried to answer the question: what is the purpose of education? Taking into consideration theRead MoreDifferent Perspectives On What The Role And Purpose Of Education1387 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different perspectives on what the role and purpose of education is. Both Functionalists and Marxists believe that the education system prepares young people for work and their work roles. However, they disagree on how education does this. Functionalists believe we live in a meritocratic society, where occupational positions, jobs and pay are allocated on the basis of an individual’s talent, ability and merit. A major difference in view is that Marxists would refute the theory thatRead MoreWhat Are The Two Interrelated Purposes Of Gifted Education? 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Learning and Development for CJV Consultancy - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLearning and Development Programfor CJV Consultancy. Answer: The essay brings into light the successful attempt CJV Consultancy made to assist MIND, a Singapore based volunteer development program in conducting a training camp. CJV consultancy is shining star in the charity retail advisor sector that is quite successfully providing assistance, guide and help to let various charity organizations strengthen their infrastructure, managing shop outlets and most importantly organizing a training targeted to include more skilled volunteers in the programs. The charity advisor helps in retailing of different charity as well as other non-profit organization by which it is appointed. MIND (Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore) is an organization that offers charitable programs that are mostly volunteer based and designed to meet the social development requirement. In the present discussion we will see how CJV Consultancy helped the MIND with the required training development event that targeted a well skilled and sensible set of volunt eers, workers and stuffs of the organization. The presentation gives complete outline of the program with the analysis of core concepts that have been utilized in the training program. We have tried to highlight the significance that MIND and CJV Consultancy have and how they go hand in hand in order to produce a better outcome out of the the development program. We have started the presentation with the introduction and the core values that MIND bears in its operation. Precisely there are five values lying at the core of the organization that leads toward successful deliverance of the programs undertaken by it. An information slide has also been created to take attention of the viewed towards the existent shops that MIND operates in the country. A SWOT analysis is next on the card that helped us detect the deficiency issues in the organization that further creates threat (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). It also helped us identify the strong sides that the MIND enjoys and let us determine how the strength can be usefully tapped to produce more opportunities. Along with this we have also conducted an analysis of why the training is needed that helped us ascertain the goals and targets company have and what skills and competencies are required by the volunteer stuffs to acquire that level (Basarab Sr Root, 2012). This approach stood out to be excellent in order to brief a gap analysis. The planning of the training program execution has been set up based on the ADDIE model that stands for Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate (Davis, 2013). Based on the model of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, the necessary components to be developed in the staffs and workers have been discussed (Lester, 2013). The objective that drives the basis of training have also been broadly outlined. Then we have maintained an informative layout to enlighten people about highlights of activities to be conducted in the training that includes: Integrating the values maintained by MIND Arranging and presenting relevant topic based video and audios Introducing Dope Personality Test Discussion on Five levels of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Allowing different people to be active and engaged with suitable task Providing Participation Certificate Also a time schedule has been prepared to make the execution more organized and timely. The job is not over yet. The final outcome of all the effort taken lies in the evaluation of the training and feedback followed by it (Farjad, 2012). Based on the New World Kirkpatrick Model, four stages of evaluation of the program has been executed targeting assessment of different problems and opportunities underlying the program (Grohmann Kauffeld, 2013). The program required a cost budget too and we are happy to find that such programs are funded almost 90% with the subsidy provided by government. The benefit analysis outlined how the investment have receives its return that successfully reduced customer complaints by 50%, reduced volunteer turnover by 100% and increased profit by 300%. Our presentation ends with future plans that MIND own to strengthen with the assistance provided by CJV Consultancy. The long term plans cover scopes of online shopping and contributions through e-learning an d mobile applications, various courses to improve competencies, training to boost leadership qualities, enhancing learning development strategies and organizing volunteer management program. It is beyond any doubt that the successful presentation of our study is the reflection of collaborative effort that have been made by each member of my group. I would like to impart the overwhelming feelings I received while doing the study and getting my part of work done. The contribution I have made includes the first eight slides. The topics I have covered are the basic introduction of MIND and CJV Consultancy, their existence, roles and responsibilities. Then I have framed and analysed briefly the five core values that reflect: Strength of Character, Mutual Respect and Understanding, Integrity, Lifelong Learning and Excellence. The next tasks that are completed by me are SWOT analysis, Training Need Analysis and ADDIE approach lying at the base of planning and executing the program. To conclude to the discussion I would like to mention about how helpful the analysis have been in order to enlighten me about how the learning and development process actually works (Argote, 2012). It is a mechanism to deal with training provided on job and off job proceedings to enhance and develop knowledge and skill of the employees or staffs of any organizations (Kolb, 2014). It is important component for developing the human resource that are recruited to execute the responsibilities to meet the required goal of any organization by shaping their skills into that of corresponding to employers aim and ambition. The CJV Consultancy helped MIND in conducting such development program to drive out the deficiency affected the performance of the organizational ambitions for providing. The study also helped me to understand the need of applying strategic approach to plan and execute cost benefit analysis to conduct any training program that would be able to earn desired evaluation. Reference Argote, L. (2012).Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science Business Media. Basarab Sr, D. J., Root, D. K. (2012).The training evaluation process: A practical approach to evaluating corporate training programs(Vol. 33). Springer Science Business Media. Davis, A. L. (2013). Using instructional design principles to develop effective information literacy instruction: The ADDIE model.College Research Libraries News,74(4), 205-207. Farjad, S. (2012). The Evaluation Effectiveness of training courses in University by Kirkpatrick Model (case study: Islamshahr university).Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,46, 2837-2841. Grohmann, A., Kauffeld, S. (2013). Evaluating training programs: Development and correlates of the questionnaire for professional training evaluation.International Journal of Training and Development,17(2), 135-155. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Lester, D. (2013). Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), 15-17.

What You Need to Get Work at Home Online Jobs

Are you a stay-at-home mom or full-time worker or even a college student that is looking to find a way to work from home? Ive been a freelance writer for four years now, and I have twins also! When I landed my first online job, I knew I didnt want to do anything else. It paid me good money, and over time I picked up more gigs and am able to do this full-time! There is a lot of information about how to find online jobs or how to apply to them. I want to share my experience and help you navigate this path if you want to be a freelance writer. For me, writing is my passion, and I had no idea that you could get paid for your writing! Once I figured that out, the rest is history! My Story of Working From Home My twins were around 15 months old when I decided I need to find a way to contribute to our finances. At first, I looked locally. I made some flyers and went to houses to offer my services as an ABA therapist for children with autism. While I met some great families, the travel alone took most of my day. This meant I was away from my twins and my husband who also works from home couldnt spare the time every day to watching the twins. So, for me to work, I had to have daycare. But, daycare costs would just eat up any money I earned from ABA therapy. So, it didnt make sense for me to do that. I needed to find a way to work from home. I learned from other mom bloggers they were dabbling in online writing. They would write for other blogs or businesses and get paid. Sweet! This could work for me, I thought. Once I decided to do this, I landed my first real online job as a writer within months. I was ecstatic. My first writing project I know I could work from home if I kept landing more work. Over time I increased my rate, picked my writing niche and landed fabulous clients. Now, I help others like you get started as a freelance writer and I also started new projects like more blogs! So, if youre interested, Ill share with you how to get started. Different Types of Online Jobs You Can Do From Home When you visit job sites like Indeed you will quickly see a lot of choices for online work. Things like remote writing jobs, freelance writing jobs, online teaching jobs and more. How can you tell whether all of these are legit? Personally, I would do my due diligence in researching the companies that are hiring and even check Reddit to see if there is some chatter about certain types of online jobs. Since Im a freelance writer, I rely on the job boards that I trust as well as connecting with the business. You might see the income potential for some of these jobs, but make sure to check the reviews for these companies. So transcription work may turn out to be a low paying online job, but if its flexible and you can do this with having a little one running around, its something to consider. Do you enjoy texting? Maybe you can do chat support for businesses. Customer service is a huge online job industry, and you can decide to pick up this micro job while your baby naps. While you cant make a living off of this, it is a quick win and a flexible idea if that is what you want. By far, the most popular online job is teaching and tutoring. Later well explore this gig to see if this is what you want! Where To Look for Online Jobs Traditional job sites are where youll find online jobs. Here are the most popular: Indeed The most popular job site for anyone interested in finding online work or work in general Glassdoor has freelance writing jobs, online jobs, remote jobs, freelance jobs and more. Career Builder This is also a huge job board to find online work LinkedIn LinkedIn is a professional social site, but it is also a job site. You can search companies you are interested in working for, and you can also find certain people to cold pitch to. As well, LinkedIn has its own job board. Monster Another popular and one of the first online job sites available. You can view listings, post your resume and find out about companies to help you figure out which online job would be a good fit Many of these job sites are different than the freelance writing job boards I visited when I first started. If you are interested in strictly content writing or online writing, try checking out these job boards. These sites curate writing jobs from all over and many are good quality, good paying, and can lead you to the path of making a living as a writer. Problogger This is the most popular job site for online writers. Every day there are more content jobs in all types of niches. From pet writing to SEO writing to lifestyle writing and more, you can find an online job easily. Freelance Writing This job board curates writing jobs from several other job sites. I find this cuts my time in half when I can just go to one job board to find several freelance writing jobs. All Freelance Writing What I like about this job site is that the owner tells you if the online job is low pay, semi-pro, or pro. This can help you gauge the quality and pay of the writing gig. Contena This is a job board with high-paying writing jobs. I find this job site to have the best quality gigs and I can choose my niche and rate to find the exact jobs I want. Online Teaching Jobs Okay, so maybe you want to explore online teaching jobs. Online teaching jobs require you to have teaching experience and certification. For example, many online jobs require: TESOL, TEFL, CELTA, ESL certification BA or AA degree You to speak a different language (only teaching jobs) You to work certain hours at night Tech equipment like a webcam, a computer, and headset If you find some online teaching jobs that dont require certification I would be cautious. Make sure to read the reviews if available. Many reviews will let you know that to receive the pay thats advertised you have to work long hours. For example, this online teaching job ticks all the boxes as a good gig to apply to. So, if youre a teacher make sure the online job is legit. Online Tutoring Jobs Another popular online job is tutoring. Again, its important to have teaching certifications or at least a university degree. These types of online jobs are primarily tutoring younger children or high school children. Many of these jobs are tutoring international students. This can open the doors to understanding cultural differences or learn how to provide tutoring using an online platform. This, in turn, can help you as a tutor. Many of these tutoring jobs: Supply you with the curriculum to tutor Supply the resources for your lessons Supply the training What If Youre a College Student? Many of the jobs mentioned are great online jobs for college students. Since many of these jobs are flexible or have unconventional work times, this fits a college students schedule great. And for many high school and college students, tutoring is a natural fit. However, many of these online jobs require certification, and if you dont have that, you may want to find other jobs that dont specify this requirement. But, as I mentioned previously, be cautious of those types of online jobs. Personally, if you opt for freelance writing, you dont need any experience. You can get started without a degree or without having online work. For example, for this freelance writing job as an automotive writer, the only big requirement is that they want a US-based writer. Requirements for a freelance writing job So as a college student, you can still land some great online jobs, but maybe a content writing job might be a better fit overall. Best Online Job I think the best online job is freelance writing! Its a sustainable way to make money. And, if you land some great clients you can make a living off of this. A lot of my students found great success early on. But, to be a freelance writer, you need a presence online. While finding online jobs dont require you to have a website or social media profiles, a freelance writer does. Why? Because to make this a viable option to work from home indefinitely, you need an online presence. Its much easier to create a writer website and have the writing jobs come to you! Leads in my inbox So, thats why Im a tad biased on freelance writing. 🙂 What You Need to Get Started For jobs you can do from home, many require education, experience and time commitment to get started. While they promote a flexible work option, to me, this isnt freedom. As a freelance writer, I can pick and choose my writing jobs. I can do this month after month, year after year and flex my writing muscles. Teachers and college students can be freelance writers. If you love writing and love researching, you can be a freelance writer. Make sure you have a business PayPal account before you begin looking for any online job. To get started, here are the basics: 1. A Website To make this a real thing its best to have a website that shows potential clients you are a legit writer. Here is my writer website: My writer website Innovative Ink My website speaks to my ideal client native digital brands. If a digital brand is seeking an online writer and happens to find my website, my copy shows them that I can be the writer for them. If you need help starting your website, check out my simple tutorial. 2. A Writing Niche Ideally, having a freelance writing niche can help you find work quickly. Definitively knowing that you want to be a pet writer or a food writer or a parenting writer makes it easier to find the right type of online job you want, right? How do you find your niche? I would look at your hobbies, your previous work experience or your passions and find some topics you might be interested in writing about. Next, search on Google or on job boards, your topic to see if its a viable option. For example, a lot of my subscribers mention the arts is a topic they want to write about. Since my niche is small business, you can try to find art exhibitions or companies that supply the paint or art supplies to see if they have an online presence, a blog or a newsletter. Or, you can write for magazines. This one Visual Arts News offers up to $150 per article. 3. Samples Look Youre not going to land an online job or remote writing job with no proof. While you dont need experience to be a freelance writer, you do need proof you can write for an online audience. Writing a blog post for your client is completely different than writing a blog post on your personal blog. The blog posts on my blog Elna Cain are written as close to how I would write for my clients. The biggest difference is that my client pieces wouldnt have I or a lot of my personal background story in them. Instead, I would use facts and statistics in my writing. If you need help with creating samples, make sure to check out this post on two unique ways you can quickly create samples. Can I use fiction writing? Many writers have short stories or books that theyve written. You might be wondering if you can use these pieces of content for landing an online writing job. Personally, I work with small businesses providing business type content. So, I know for my ideal client, they wouldnt hire you if you provided a fictional story. If you decide to be a ghostwriter for authors or businesses that want a ghostwriter for their book, then maybe showing your stories would help seal the deal. Can I use writing from my current job? Do you do some writing for your current job? Maybe you create reports or instructional manuals for your job. You might be able to use these types of samples if your freelance writing niche is more tech-based writing. I would also get approval from your current job asking if you can use those as samples. 4. A Social Media Presence Yes Another thing you need to start online writing is a social media presence. Again, you want to make writing a sustainable way to live, and to do this, you need to be everywhere online. Simply having a Twitter profile and a LinkedIn profile is sufficient, though. 5. Know Where to Find Writing Jobs I mentioned some job boards for freelance writers in this post. This is a great start. For more ideas, check out this post on 20 different ways to find a freelance writing job. It is filled with the best, most up-to-date information regarding how to find a freelance job easily. You can also check out my free course. I show you the correct steps and give you tips and resources for finding your first client. Get My Free Course on Getting Paid to Write Online Online Jobs So You Can Work From Home Whether you apply to online jobs, or you pitch a freelance writing job, the goal is the same to be able to work from home for good. I started this journey over four years ago, and I was able to take care of my twin toddlers during the day and work at night. My twins are in school now, and Im doing this full-time. Im sure youve been looking on the internet for jobs and have come across countless ways you can make money online. These online teaching and tutoring jobs can be a good fit, but they may not be sustainable over time. Instead, why not try freelance writing? You dont need a degree or experience 🙂 Over to you tell me your experience with online jobs and freelance writing jobs.

Class and Culture

Class and Culture Introduction In various societies across the globe, culture is normally seen as an enabling or limiting factor for social, political and economic progression. Through this understanding it has been established that there is a strong relationship between class and culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Class and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This relationship has been previously investigated by researchers such as Pierre Bourdieu who identified that class affects culture and consequently, culture affects ones life chances, income and other economic parameters (Lane 2000, p. 1). Many other researchers have often voiced their concerns over the increased gap between the rich and the poor (worldwide) and expressed their concern over the fact that the world has failed to acknowledge the role of culture in widening this gap (Fieschi 2011, p. 1). The relationship between class and culture is of a vertical nature and it has been evidenced all over the world that the culture of the highest class is the most distinguished culture (Christie 2001, p. 201). This observation is true because the culture of the highest classes is often deemed to be superior to the culture of the lowest classes. More importantly, it is essential to understand that the culture of the highest classes also stands out because the ruling class normally comes from the highest classes and so they exert their influence over other classes. From this reinforced relationship between class and culture, many philosophers have come up with a new insight purporting that culture in its true essence maintains class domination and therefore there is no strongly distinguishable difference in the way culture and economics relate, and how economic capital works (Fieschi 2011, p. 1). However, this debate is not only one-sided because in recent decades, there has been an upsurge of popular culture which seeks to encompass both low and hig h classes, thereby breaking the cultural wall that have been perceived to draw the line between the culture of the highest classes and that of the lowest classes (Motz 1994, p. 239).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Popular culture has brought a new twist to Pierre’s view of culture and economics because popular culture encompasses the attitudes, beliefs, values, ideas and perspectives of the majority and therefore, it cuts across the class divide to create a holistic perspective of culture. In the 21st century, the Western culture has stood out to be a popular culture sweeping across the globe and it is generally perpetrated by the media, though movies, sitcoms, magazines and the likes. Some researchers have identified this culture to be the American culture and proponents of the postmodern view do not even see the distinction between popular culture and the â⠂¬Å"high culture† (Motz 1994, p. 239). From this analysis, its is therefore quite difficult to establish whether the initial view of culture through class distinction still holds water, but deriving its conclusions, from present life events and current research studies, this study establishes that culture and class are still vertically ranked and the culture of the highest class still stands out as the most dominant culture. Unrealistic Mass Culture Since popular culture has been advanced by proponents of postmodern view that it transcends culture and class differentials; it is important to note that the advancement of popular culture through the media already punctures holes in their postmodern view of culture and class. This view is firmly held by past philosophers such as Nietzsche and Karl Marx, both of whom extensively criticized the role of the media in propagating mass culture (Kellner 2011, p. 1). In other words, they identify that there is no mass culture and its insi nuation is a creation of the media and an attempt to make people escape from the realities of life. Karl max especially launches an attack against the media in its attempt to propagate popular culture by identifying that the media is everywhere and â€Å"busy† in giving people whatever they want to hear. Goethe, another philosopher with the same view identified that the media inhibited creativity in the sense that, people spend countless hours reading and wasting their days without sitting down and coming up with something creative or something which is new and original (Kellner 2011, p. 6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Class and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, the media has been criticized for upholding passivity and conformity to given principles, attitudes and perspectives about life, without feeding the masses with dissenting ideas that can help them grow in their own light. Fr om this analysis, we can see that the media has done a god job in shaping public opinion and even though it has also done a commendable job enlightening the masses and promoting social freedom; its success is not true in the case of portraying the true picture regarding culture and social classes. Gans (1999) identifies that the points of view expressed by popular culture is a fallacy and a creation of the writers and journalists who write about popular culture. Often, they have been criticized by critics of popular culture that they have failed to conform to the principles of high culture and therefore they criticize it. Much to their advantage, they have been given the time of day because their audience is essentially people of low culture (the masses) and therefore they have found a big market for their works. This situation, has even led to the arrogance of some writers and journalists of popular culture who have stated in the past that so long as their audience buys their works , proponents of the high culture are either wrong or irrelevant (Gans 1999, p. 145). In this manner, they have consistently ignored criticisms from proponents of the high culture because they value the critics of their audience more. However, considering most popular culture authors critic works from the high culture and upper middle social classes, it has been identified that most of their readers are not versant with what the authors are critiquing and therefore they cannot critic any of the works written by writers of popular culture. For instance, proponents of popular culture (such as those cited in New York daily news) have been known to critic movies from foreign producers which their low culture readership has never seen and therefore they do not receive any criticism from their audience (Gans 1999, p. 145).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This analysis shows that the upsurge of popular culture is possibly built on fallacies and misconceptions, most of which are not factual. Its spread has therefore been attributed to the fact that most of the followers of low culture readership essentially encompass followers of the popular culture and therefore cannot critic the media’s role in propagating popular culture. The point of view advocated by proponents of popular culture is misleading and therefore there is a distinction between what they believe is good for themselves and what they believe will sell in the public. The distinction between the two is explained by Gans (1999) who states that: â€Å"The advocates of high culture interpret the existence of this distinction as evidence of the universality of their own standards and conclude that people either want more high culture than they actually get or that they prefer to choose what they think is bad as opposed to what they think is good. Both interpretations ar e inaccurate and reflect the invisibility of the aesthetic standards of the other taste cultures† (p. 146). Culture, as advocated by Fieschi (2011, p. 11), is an emancipator tool in the sense that, through it, the society can remove all social inequalities (by demystifying social classes). However, this point of view has not been embraced by the society. The reality on the ground is that culture and class are uniquely configured in various societies across the globe. Moreover, in developed societies where popular culture is believed to emanate from; there is still a strong link between culture and class. For instance in Britain, the cultural distinctions and the upheaval of the high culture is still strong (as can be evidenced from Kate Fox’s Watching the English) (Fieschi 2011, p. 11). This is to say that the British society is still confined to political, economic, and social distinctions of class barriers (even though it possesses a lot of cultural and creative freed oms). To expose the deep-seated cultural and class divide in the British society, Fieschi (2011) states that: â€Å"Culture in the UK, in other words, is still a reflection of the reality of Britain in the twenty-first century. Yet, alarmingly, and as pointed out by Gunnell and Bright in their 2010 Arts Council England report, Creative Survival in Hard Times, employment in the creative industries is in danger of becoming the preserve of a certain, exclusive class† (p. 12). From this analysis, we see that the bold leap into mass culture (or popular culture) as proposed by proponents of the postmodern view is still marred by idealistic barriers and from a general sense; many people are still lazy to embrace the new concept. Promotion of the High Culture Contrary to popular belief that popular culture is quickly gaining ground, there is still a high promotion of high culture throughout the society. This is because many people still desire to be among the elite and to conform to certain preferred principles of the high culture. This is true because even in present-day society, low culture is still frowned upon and the promotion of high culture is still receiving support from all quarters. This support did not however start in recent times but in the 19th century when high culture was extensively promoted through museums, theatre, concert halls and the likes, to give people more access to the high culture (this is the reason why classical music is still appreciated and held in high-esteem to date) (Spring 1998, p. 79). Currently, the access to University education has spread globally, and especially through the introduction of information technology (IT) enabling learning tools, but it should be acknowledged that university education is one of the widest platform through which high culture spreads. This is true because frankly, all elements of high culture are taught in university through various arts, linguistic, business and affiliated courses. This is a n ew development because in previous centuries, elements of high culture (probably with the exception of classics) were not included in the education system. This fact therefore exposes the increasingly dominant nature of the high culture in the society. To further affirm this view, it is essential to identify the increased uptake of liberal arts courses in university which essentially promotes concepts of the high culture, while generally shunning elements of the low culture. This is however not evidently seen because most universities have dropped the use of the term â€Å"high culture† but still teach its elements. Governments are also embroiled in the promotion of high culture, probably because a number of them are run by the ruling class who also profess the high culture. The involvement of the government is quite extensive but in the boldest of efforts, most governments in developed countries have come in to promote high culture through subsidies and increased funding of museums, operas, ballet companies, orchestras, cinemas (and such like forums) (Spring 1998, p. 79). The government influence and promotion of high culture is actually quite deep as can be seen in Britain where a fully-fledged government minister runs the Arts council. The same situation is also evidenced in most European countries. The momentum for promoting high culture has even increased because of the fact that there has been an increased demand for American movies, music and such like media elements which are threatening the very existence of European culture (for instance) and virtually all cultures across the globe. Spring (1998, p. 79) explains that the European commission has in the recent past focused a lot on high culture because of the influence by certain media conglomerates in the US which have consistently promoted the spread of American culture across the continents. Europe in its totality has therefore embarked on an effort to promote classical music paintings and ot her artifacts considered to be high art through a number of programs such as the Kaleidoscope program, Copenhagen program and the likes (Spring 1998, p. 79). Though governments in the developing world have not perfected the concept of subsidies for intellectual property and the likes, governments in the developed world have consistently subsidized the works of new composers, writers and artists (most of whom propagate the high culture). Such is the situation in the United States where the government has consistently supported private philanthropic funding of various forms of culture forums. However, the government has also taken a direct involvement in funding such programs, as can be seen in the federally funded corporation for public broadcasting (though the target audience is not necessary the public). The promotion of high culture is also upheld by the high appreciation of high art in the society. In fact, high art is sometimes considered priceless and invaluable in some English societies and the same situation is not different from other societies either (Everett1995, p. 228). High art in its own distinction is a basic component of high culture and it encompasses various forms of art (including visual arts, literature, music and the likes). Products of high art were essentially common in the sophisticated and increasingly wealthy societies of the high civilization period but its appreciation is evidenced throughout the world (through high art works coming from ancient Egypt, ancient, Greece, ancient Rome, ancient China, ancient India, Byzantium, Persia, Europe from the 14th century, and selected cultures in the Middle east). High Culture in the Ruling Elite The ruling elite in most societies have often been perceived to profess the high culture. This situation has often been the case in most democracies (even big democracies such as Britain and America). Also, when people from lower cultures get into leadership, they adopt the high culture eventually. Thi s trend has even been observed when popular culture is said to take root in most societies. There is a unique and synonymous attribution of the high culture to elitism and superiority which gives most rulers the right to govern the rest and those who do not conform to such principles are regarded unfit to rule. In other words, leadership is often presumed to be a preserve of the elite, or those hailing from the highest and the upper middle classes. Though not necessarily popular, the high culture is normally held in high esteem. The Caribbean is evidence of the upheaval of the high culture because just like other colonial territories, for the locals to take up leadership positions, they had to be inculcated into the colonialist culture, which in this context, refers to the high culture (Victor 2009, p. 1). Only those who could properly master this culture were deemed fit for leadership whiles those who did not, were shunned away. The situation has not changed much today because the high culture is still seen as one of the prerequisites of people who want to vie for leadership positions. Still bound to the Caribbean, the carnival event has been an important occasion in the country and to many external viewers; it seems like a rather popular movement. However, tracing the root of the event, we see that it was derived from the high culture (masquerade) (Victor 2009, p. 1). Moreover, in the same locality, it was established that the carnival designers and their antecedents basically came from the high culture and the manner in which the carnivals are designed is essentially a mimic of the high culture in medieval times (Victor 2009, p. 1). Moreover, the high culture is further held in high esteem from the fact that it’s been perceived as part of the Caribbean history. The issue of governance and how many societies across the globe view the concept as a preserve of those who’ve perfected the high culture can even be evidenced in monarchial systems lik e Britain where the royal family is synonymous with the high culture. The ruling family in Britain is perceived as a critical core of the history of the country and positioned at the very core of the country’s heritage. However, it is interesting to note that it is almost impossible to draw a line between the British monarchy and the high culture. Implicitly, it is therefore correct to note that the high culture is a significant part of the culture of Britain. Obviously, the country upholds the ruling family in high esteem and in the same manner; they uphold the culture that the ruling family professes. This scenario is not only observed in Britain but all over the world where monarchies still exist. Evidently, this is the situation in Netherlands, Swaziland, Sweden, Belgium, Norway, and Spain where the rulers have consistently professed the high culture and they are held in high esteem by their subjects (Project Britain 2009). The same situation is also evidenced in governme nts which do not have monarchial systems because in many countries across the globe, the ruling class often profess the high culture and because the electorate vote them into their offices, it is correct to note that the society still upholds the high culture in high esteem. Obviously, if this was not the case, and popular culture was as widespread as proponents of the postmodern view say; rulers would essentially hail from low cultures. In the world’s biggest democracy, America, successive regimes have often professed the high culture and even those who did not initially hail from such quarters, eventually professed it. For instance, the election of the incumbent president, Barrack Obama may essentially be perceived as representative of the minority people in America but the president in his own individuality professes the high culture in that, he studied in one of the best universities around the world and is a trained lawyer (qualities which are synonymous to the high cult ure). The same situation is evidenced in ruling families in the Arab world, Asia, Africa, Australia and other continents. Conclusion This study establishes the fact that class and culture are vertically related in the most mutually reinforcing ways and the view that popular culture is quickly gaining ground across the globe is misleading because the world is still hung on high culture and holds it in high-esteem. Through this analysis, we can therefore conclude that the culture of the highest classes is still the most distinguishable because it is perceived as the most superior culture. From the analysis of how the ruling class have essentially been sourced from the elite in the society, we can also establish that culture is a class signal that limits or extends ones chances in life and therefore, there is no significant difference in the manner economic capital works and how the relationship between class and capital works . These factors withstanding, we can conclude that the post modern argument and the view that popular culture has gripped the world is misleading and its time is yet to come. References Christie, C. (2001) Ideology and Revolution in Southeast Asia, 1900-1980. London, Routledge. Everett, S. (1995) Art Theory and Criticism: An Anthology of Formalist, Avant-Garde,  Contextualist and Post-Modernist Thought. London, McFarland. Fieschi, C. (2011) Preface to Culture and Class. Web. Gans, H. (1999) Popular Culture and High Culture. London, Routledge. Kellner, D. (2011) Nietzsches Critique of Mass Culture. Web. Lane, J. 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